BENEFICIAL FOR
- JKSSB TEACHER EXAM
- JKSSB NT EXAM
- JKSSB JUNIOR ASSISTANT EXAM
- JKSSB LIBRARY ASSISTANT EXAM
- JKSSB LAB ASSISTANT EXAM
- JKSSB ACCOUNT ASSISTANT EXAM
- JKSSB ASK CUM CLERK EXAM
- OTHER POSTS OF JKSSB
CONTENTS
1.INTRODUCTION.
2. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS.
3. GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS.
4. SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE.
5. PARTS OF COMPUTER.
6. MEMORY.
7. INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES.
8. TYPES OF COMPUTERS.
9.
NUMBER SYSTEM, COMPUTER LANGUAGES AND SOFTWARE.
10. ANTIVIRUS, MS OFFICE, INTERNET AND EMAIL.
11. TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY.
12. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS.
INTRODUCTION
- Charles Babbage is considered as father of computing.
- Ada Lovelace has been called the world's first computer programmer.
- Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century.
- Computer has brought revolution in today’s modern world.
- The invention of computer has transformed our simple manual works to sophisticated life of automated works to meet the global demand for the higher productivity and increased efficiency with high precision.
- Computer is increasingly becoming compulsory in nearly all fields of studies, not because of anything but its accuracy and versatility in processing data.
- People use computers in many ways; business, computers are used to track inventories with bar codes and scanners, check the credit status of customers, and transfer funds electronically, homes, tiny computers embedded in the electronic circuitry of most appliances control the indoor temperature, operate home security systems, tell the time, and turn video cassette recorders (VCRs) on and off, automobiles regulate the flow of fuel, thereby increasing gas mileage, they also entertain, creating digitized sound on stereo systems or computer-animated features from a digitally encoded laser disc.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
- Abacus (2500BC): This is a hand- held device made of beads stung on rods in a frame. The rods correspond to positions of the digits while the beads correspond to the digits.
- Napiers Bone (2500BC): This was invented by John Napiers. This consists of small rods with appropriate markings on them. It is a mechanical aid to computation that consists of nine such rods (called bones) with one for each digit 1 through 9. He also invented logarithms which made possible to do division and multiplication by performing addition and subtraction.
- Pascal mechanical calculator: Blaise Pascal (1623 -1664) in 1642 invented the first adding machine called Pascaline. The brass rectangular box used eight moveable dials to add and sum up of eight figures long using base 10. It can perform all the four arithmetic operation with previous unheard speed.
- Leibnitz mechanical multiplier (1600): In 1694 Gottfried Wilhem Von Leibnitz (1646 -1716) improved upon the pascaline by creating a machine that can also multiply using a system of dials and gear.
- Punched-Card machine (Jacquards loom) (1801): Developed by Joseph Marie Jacquard.
- Mechanical Computer: Charles Babbage originated the concept of a programmable computer. He is Considered as the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
First Generation 1940-1956:
Vacuum Tubes
The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first generation computing devices.
Second Generation 1956-1963: Transistors
Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more
energy efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Second generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.
Third Generation 1964-1971:
Integrated Circuits
The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory.
Fourth Generation 1971-Present: Microprocessors
The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
Fifth Generation Present and Beyond:
Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifthgeneration computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self organization.
Download full JKSSB COMPUTER BOOKLET(PDF)
CLICK BELOW:
