Chapter: CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY | JKBOSE Class 10th Political Science Notes | www.kashmirstudent.com
Chapter: CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY | JKBOSE Class 10th Political Science Notes | www.kashmirstudent.com
JKBOSE/CBSE Class 10 Political Science Notes for Revision PDF Download
Class 10 Social Science - Political Science Notes
Civics Class 10 Notes PDF Free Download
Students in Class 10 who are considering Civics as a challenging subject must find some ways to understand it or else they will lose marks while they appear the exams. The best way to tackle this problem is to download Civics Class 10 notes pdf, which is available for free online. This pdf includes an explanation for all the chapters of Civics in a stepwise and well-structured manner. Everything explained here is in simple language so that students who are weak in this subject are able to understand this simply.
The notes are prepared according to the syllabus of Class 10. Every important topic that might come in the exams is included in these notes. The Civics Class 10 notes are prepared by some expert teachers who are experienced and talented. They commit no mistakes while preparing these notes as they are professionals in this work, thus ensuring the students that the quality of the notes is the best in class and no other note can compete with it. Hence, with this PDF, a student's preparation becomes more efficient and better.
Civics
Civics is a subject which deals with the rights and duties of a citizen. It is considered a social science. In Class 10, it is taught with history; they both are combined to become one subject. Civics involved theories and concepts of constitution, democracy, rules and regulations formulated by the government in all these years. It also discusses the rights a citizen enjoys in his/her country and also informs about the duties a citizen is responsible for towards his/her country. There are a lot of rights and duties to remember, which is why sometimes it becomes hard to remember it all. Therefore, a student must refer to Political Science Class 10 notes so that he/she can tackle this problem.
Democracy
Democracy is considered as a form of government where the right to choose the governing legislators is with the citizens of the country. Here, people select the leaders under whom they want to work. Democracy includes a lot of rights which are given to the citizens, some of which are voting rights, right to speak, right to assembly, right to equality, right to membership and right to consent. All these rights are enjoyed by every citizen of a democratic country. All this is taught briefly in Civics Class 10. Students who are facing problems to understand the rights and are finding it challenging then he/she must refer notes of Civics Class 10. These notes can make their preparation for exams better and can guarantee the highest possible marks in the exams.
Advantages of Civics Class 10 notes
Students who are weak in Civics or Political Science might find Class 10 Political Science difficult and challenging.
To overcome this problem, students should refer to notes of Civics Class 10 for better understanding. Some of the reasons for using these notes are:
• Every chapter in the subject is explained in a stepwise and structured manner so that students will face no difficulties while studying.
• The notes are prepared by some expert teachers who have worked in this field for years and have become professionals with their experience.
• The notes are prepared to keep in mind the rules and regulations imposed by the board so that students can be confident of getting maximum possible marks in the exams.
• It saves a student's time during his/her preparation for exams.
Challenges to Democracy
Q1: Each of these cartoons represents a challenge to democracy. Please describe what that challenge is. Also place it in one of the three categories mentioned in the first section.
a) Mubarak Re-elected,
b) Seeing the democracy,
c) Liberal gender equality and
d)a) Campaign money.
Ans:
a) It’s booth-capturing, secretly opening of ballot boxes prior to counting.
Challenge of expansion.
b) This is a challenge of keeping military away from controlling government.
The foundational challenge.
c) It’s challenge of strengthening of institutions and practice in such a manner that women can feel their expectations of democracy.
Deepening of democracy.
d) It’s challenge to bring down the control and influence of rich people in decision making.
Deepening of democracy.
Q2: Fill up challenge that democracy requires as per column case and context below:
Ans:
Case and Context
Your description of the challenges for democracy in the situation.
Chile: General Pinochet’s government defeated, but military still in control of several institutions.
Example: Establishing civilian control
over all governmental institution, holding the first multi-party elections, recalling all political leaders from exile.
Poland: After the first success of solidarity, the
government imposed martial law and also banned solidarity. The democratic rights to organize, protest and freely represent opinion
were to be restored. Free presidential elections were required such that the military government of General Jarauzelski could be replaced through a democratic government.
Ghana: Just attained independence, Nkrumah
elected president Nkrumah got himself elected as president for life. The concept of life president-ship is contrary to the spirit of democracy. Such a person will enjoy power without accountability as well as responsibility.
Myanmar: SuuKyi under house arrest for more than 15 years, army rulers getting
global acceptance. In 1990, elections were held in the country. The National League for Democracy led thorough SuuKyi won the election. The army did not accept the people’s verdict. SuuKyi is under arrest. Citizens haven’t any basic democratic rights.
International Organizations:
US as the only super power disregards the UN and takes unilateral action. The UN system is highly loaded in favor of five permanent members; they have a veto right. It is contrary to democratic principles. The US acts against the expressed desire of the UN. This is further a challenge to the democratic functioning of the UN.
Mexico: Second free election after the defeat of PRI in 2000; defeated candidate
alleges rigging. Free and fair election is the essence of democracy. A rigged election does not show the will of the people.
China: Communist Party adopts economic reforms but Democracy is inconsistent with one-party system; in this system there is no maintains monopoly over political power.
scope for the difference of opinion and
views. Free expression of views and opinions, peaceful means of pretest are not allowed.
Pakistan: General Musharraf holds referendum, allegations of fraud in voters list. A referendum is held to gain legitimacy for the military rule. The army uses its might to prepare electoral rolls. Apparently, the election results do not
show people’s verdict.
Iraq: Widespread sectarian violence as the new government fails to establish its authority. The ruling group with the support of the outside powers suppresses the other social and religious groups; in negotiated settlement through talks as well as exchange of views.
South Africa: Nelson Mandela retires from active politics, pressure on his successor Mbeki to withdraw a few concessions provided
to white minority. In 1993, a democratic constitution was established and apartheid government ended giving way to the creation of a multi-racial government.
US, Guantanamo Bay: UN secretary general call this a violation of international law, US refuses to respond. This consists the government of one country denying rights to citizens of
another country.
Saudi Arabia: Women not allowed to take part in public activities, no freedom of religion for minorities. People do not elect their rulers and have no say in decision-making.
Yugoslavia: Ethnic tension between Serbs and Albanians on the rise in the province of
Kosovo. Yugoslavia disintegrated. Political competition along religious and ethnic lines caused the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
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Belgium: One round of constitutional change
happened, but the Dutch speaker not satisfied; they want more autonomy. Leaders felt that the unity of the country is possible only be respecting the feeling and interests of different
communities. Thus, mutually acceptable arrangement for power sharing was made.
Sri Lanka: The peace talks between the government and the LTTE split down, renewed violence. Sri Lankan Tamils launched parties and struggles demanding an independent
Tamil Eelam (state) in Sri Lanka. While majority rule established.
US, Civil Rights: Blacks have won equal rights, but are still poor, less educated and marginalized. This movement practiced non-violent procedures of civil disobedience against racially discriminatory laws and practices.
Northern Ireland: the civil war has finished while Protestants and Catholics yet
to develop trust. In Northern Ireland class and religion overlap each other. This produced the
possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions.
Nepal: Constituent Assembly about to be elected, unrest in Teraiareas, Maoists have not
surrendered arms. Here the famous struggle was about the foundation of the country’s politics, i.e., the demand for restoration of
parliament as well as power to all party government.
Bolivia: Morales, a supporter of water struggle, becomes Prime Minister, MNC’s threaten to leave the nation. Bolivia’s famous struggle was about one specific policy and claims on an
elected, democratic government. The
power of the people compelled the officials of MNC’s to flee and made the government concede to all the demands of the protesters.
Q3: Given below are some spheres or sites of democratic politics. You may place against each of these the specific challenges that
you noted for one or more countries or cartoons in the previous sections. In addition to that, write one item for India for each of
these spheres. In case you find some challenges that do not fit into any of the categories given below, you can create new categories and put some item under that.
Ans:
Query side
Answer side
Constitutional design
Foundational challenge associated to
Consittuent Constituent Assembly and framing of the constitution.
Countries: Chile, Poland, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia,Sri Lanka Belgium and Nepal.
Democratic rights
Deepening and expansion of democracy in
dictatorships
Countries: Poland, Saudi Arabia and Nepal.
Working of Insitutions
Institutions
The foundational challenges in non-democratic
countries
Countries: Ghana, South Africa, Iraq, US in
Guantanamo Guantamo Bay and Nepal Mexico.
Elections
Deepening of democracy in the way of free, fair
election and famous participation.
Country: Mexico.
Federalism decentralization
Deepening of democracy at grass-roots levels, i.e., local self governmetself-government
Countries: Sri Lanka, Yugoslavia and Belgium.
Accommodation of diversity
Expansion of democracy towards socio-economic equality.
Countries: Yugoslavia, Belgium, Sri Lanka and
South Africa.
Political Organizations
The foundational challenges in the democratic and non-democratic institutions in the forms of pressure groups as well as political parties.
Countries: South Africa, Northern Ireland and
Bolivia.
Affidavit concerned with politics
Challenge of corruption in Indian politics regarding politicians’ criminal records and possessions.
Free and fair elections
Challenge of criminalization in Indian politics in
the way of use of money and also muscle power.
Q4: Let us group these again, this time by the nature of these challenges as per classification suggested in the first section. For each of these categories, find at least one example from India as well.
Ans:
Query side
Answer side
Foundational challenge
A country having a monarchy. Granting full statehood to Delhi and Andaman and Nicobar in India.
Other countries: Myanmar, Pakistan, Poland, Iraq, Nepal.
Challenge of expansion
More representation in state assemblies and LokSabha to women in India. No discrimination upon the basis of gender, caste, language etc. More power to local governments.
Other countries: Ghana, International Organizations, Saudi Arabia, Yugoslavia, Sri Lanka, Northern Ireland.
Challenge of deepening
Constitutional amendment not allowing to hold two essential portfolio at the same time like president of a national political party or a state level party along with the post of the prime Minister or Chief Minister.
Other countries: South Africa, Belgium, Mexico, US Civil Rights and Bolivia.
Q5: Now let us think only about India. Think of all the challenges that democracy faces in contemporary India. List those five that shouldbe addressed first of all. The listing should be in order of priority, i.e., the challenge you find most important or pressing should be mentioned at number 1, and so on. Give one example of that challenge and your reason for assigning it the priority.
Ans:
S.No Query side
Answer side
Priority Challenges to democracy
Example Reasons for preference
1. Foundational challenge
Change in the constitutional design to suit
the present challenges of India. In the changing world towards globalization India requires some reforms in the constitutional designs to
cope up with.
2. Challenge of deepening
Representation to women and SC’s and ST’s With the constitutional change India is needed to accommodate social diversity as well.
3. Challenge of criminalization
Electoral reforms of use of money and
muscle power
In order to have free and fair elections under the electoral reforms, influence of money and power must be stopped.
4. Challenge of expansion
Federal decentralization
Keeping in view the vastness of our country
representation must be provided at the local level also.
5. Challenge of corruption
Politicians and their possessions
In order to check the corruption among
politicians and their criminal record the idea of
Affidavit has been introduced in India.
Q6: Here are some challenges that require political reforms. Discuss these challenges in detail. Study the reform options offered here
and give your preferred solutions with reasons. Remember that none of the options offered here is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. You can opt for a mix of more than one option, or come up with same thing that is not offered here. But you must give your solution in details and after reasons for your choice.
Ans: See page number 91 on NCERT Book.
