ENGLISH GRAMMAR eBOOK | PART 1
CONTENTS | PART 2
- NOUN
- PRONOUN
- VERB
- TENSE
- ADJECTIVE
- CONJUNCTIONS
- PREPOSITIONS
- ARTICLE
- SOME and ANY
- EXERCISE at the end of every chapter
NOUN
Kinds of Nouns:
Common Nouns – They are names of people (e.g. man), things (e.g. books), animals (e.g. monkey) and places (church).
Proper Nouns – They are special names of people (e.g. George ), things (e.g. Financial Times), animals (e.g. King Kong) and places (e.g. Paris). A proper noun begins with a Capital Letter.
Abstract Nouns – An abstract noun is the name of something that we can only think of or feel but cannot see (e.g. friendship).
Collective Nouns – They are names used for a number of people, things or animals together and treated as one. For example: a group of friends, a bunch of bananas, a litter of puppies.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns –Countable nouns are nouns which can be counted (e.g. trees).
Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot be counted. (e.g. smoke).
Nouns have four genders:
1. Masculine Gender – The masculine gender is used for all males.
Example: boy, man.
2. Feminine Gender –The feminine gender is used for all females.
Example: girl, woman.
3. Common Gender – The common gender is used where the noun can be both male and female.
Example: cousin, friend, person, child, student.
4. Neuter Gender – The neuter gender is used for things which have no life or sex.
Example: table, chair.
Singular and Plural Nouns –A noun that shows only one person (e.g. a girl), thing (e.g. pencil), animal(e.g. tiger) or place (e.g. market) is called a singular noun.
A noun that shows more than one person (e.g. girls), thing (e.g. pencils), animal (e.g. tigers) or place (e.g. markets) is called a plural noun.
Plural nouns are formed.
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PRONOUN
A Pronoun ‘whose’. is a word that takes the place of a noun. It
refers to a person or thing without giving the name.
There are two types of Personal Pronouns:
(1) those used as subjects; and
(2) those used as objects.
• Personal Pronouns
1st Person
2nd Person
3rd Person...
• Reflexive Pronouns
We use the Reflexive Pronoun when the action of the
doer goes back to himself so that the Subject of the sentence is the same person as the object.
Example: He has hurt himself.
Pronouns like ‘himself’are called Reflexive Pronouns.
They always end in ‘self ‘.
• Relative Pronouns
The Relative Pronouns take the place of Nouns or Pro-
nouns; and they are used to join two sentences about the same person or thing.
Examples of relative pronouns: who, which, that, whom
and whose.
In most cases, we use who, whose and whom to make
statements about people.
¨ We use who to join two sentences.
Example:
“The man is an artist. He drew that picture.”
“The man is an artist who drew that picture.”
¨ We use whose to show possession or relationship.
Example:
“That is my uncle whose son is my cousin.”
We use which or that in almost the same way as we use who but it refers to things, not human beings. There is one other difference in the way we use who and which.
After who we put a verb. After which we can put a
verb, a pronoun or a noun.
Example:
That is the camera which costs fifty dollars.
That is the camera which he bought. That is the camera which John likes.
¨ We use whom to make a statement about human beings. It is used in place of who (a) when it is the object of a verb or (b) when it comes after a preposition.
Example:
(a) The man whom they caught was sent to
prison.
(b) The man to whom you should speak is my uncle.
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VERB
Verbs are words that show action. Every sentence must have a verb. A verb is not always one word. It may be made up of more than one word.
Auxiliary Verbs
The words: am, is, are, was, and were are verbs. They are forms of the verb ‘to be’. They are helping verbs called auxiliary verbs.
If the subject of a sentence is singular, the verb must be singular. If the subject of a sentence is plural, the verb must be plural. The verb must agree with the subject in number.
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TENSE: THE PRESENT TENSE
The Present Simple
a. Used for a habitual or repeated action, that is, for something that we do always, every day, often, usually, etc.
Example: He plays football on Sundays.
b. Used for a general truth or a fact, that is, for something that is true.
Example: Night follows day.
c. Used for something or an action happening now.
Example: See how she walks.
d. Used instead of the future tense. Example: He arrives tomorrow.
e. Used instead of the past tense, to make some thing look more real.
Example: The tiger comes; it catches the boy.
f. Used instead of the present perfect tense.
Example: We hear that the king is dead.
g. Used to introduce a quotation, that is, to repeat words spoken or written by someone else.
Example: Shakespeare says: “Neither a bor rower nor a lender be.”
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ADJECTIVE
An adjective is a word that tells us something about a noun, that is, about a person, an animal, a thing or a place.
For example:
She is a pretty girl.
A giraffe has a long neck.
The table is round.
That is an old temple.
There are various kinds of adjectives:
1. An adjective which tells us about the quality of the noun.
Example: the blue sky, a big house, a square table, a cold morning.
2. An adjective which tells us about the quatity of the noun.
Example: The zoo has many animals. The pen has not much ink left.
3. An adjective which tells us about the ownership of the noun.
Example: That is my dog. Those are their bicycles.
4. An adjective which poses question in an ‘interrogative’ manner.
Example: Which school do you go to? Whose car is this?
5. An adjective which specifies a noun. Example: This boy is a member of the club. That girl is my sister.
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CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions join words, phrases and sentences together.
Conjunctions joining words:
Example: I have a car and a house.
Conjunctions joining phrases:
Example: The fisherman is happy walking along the beach and carrying a bucket full of fish.
Conjunctions joining sentences:
He walked to his car. He got into it.
He walked to his car and got into it.
Will you have tea? Will you have coffee? Will you have tea or coffee?
She is tired. She cannot sleep.
She is tired but she cannot sleep.
Besides ‘and’, ‘or’ and ‘but’, other common conjunctions include: because, if, so, although, unless, therefore, etc.
Conjunctions can join nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.
Example:
I have a pen and a book. (Joining two nouns)
He joked and we laughed. (Joining two verbs)
She is beautiful and tall. (Joining two adjectives)
He eats quickly and noisily. (Joining two adverbs)
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ARTICLE
Definite Article – ‘The’
Indefinite Article – ‘A’ or ‘An’
‘A’is used:
Before a word which begins with a consonant.
Example: a woman
Before a singular, countable noun.
Example: a banana
When we mention something for the first time.
Example: I saw a dog.
Before a word with a long sound of ‘u’. Example: a university, a uniform, a useful book, a European
Before the word one.
Example: a one-way street, a one-eyed man, a one-year course, a one-day holiday, etc.
‘An’ is used:
Before a noun which begins with a vowel. Example: an apple.
Before a word which begins with a vowel sound or a silent ‘h’.
Example: an hour, an honest man, an heir, an honour, an honourable man, etc
Before a singular, countable noun which begins with a vowel or silent ‘h’.
Example: an orange.
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PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions are words placed before Nouns and Pronouns. They are used to show time, position and direction.
Examples of Prepositions showing time: My birthday falls in September.
Most shops are closed on Sunday.
I have an appointment at 9 o’clock.
Examples of Prepositions showing position:
He is standing at the door.
The glass is on the table.
The cat is sleeping under the chair.
Examples of Prepositions showing direction:
She got into the taxi.
The girl is walking towards her mother.
I have to go to town.
Other examples of expressions using prepositions:
The picture was drawn by his brother.
She likes to go out with her friends.
They say I walk like my father.
Her parents give her a box of sweets.
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SOME and ANY
1. We use “some” in a positive statement and “any” in a negative statement or a question.
2. We use both “some” and “any” with countable or uncountable nouns.
3. We use “some” in a question if it is an invitation or a request.
4. We join “some” and “any” with “one”, “body” or “thing” to form positive sentences and negative sentences respectively.
Examples:
1. I have a sister. / I don’t have a sister. / Do you have any sister?
2. He bought some oranges. / He spent some time looking for his lost wallet. / There aren’t any eggs on sale here. / There isn’t any tea in the kettle.
3. Would you like to drink some milk? Can you do something for me?
4. Someone has taken my book. / Anyone could have taken it./ There’s somebody waiting to see you. / Has anybody seen the film? / I want something to eat. / Would you like anything else to eat?
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