Chapter 1 ANALOGY CLASSIFICATION
ANALOGY
The meaning of analogy is ‘similar
properties’ or similarity. If an object or word or digit or activity shows any similarity with another object or word or digit or activity in terms of properties, type, shape, size, trait etc., then the particular similarity will be called analogy. The relationship of analogy can be established in two ways :
(i) A : B : : C : D
(A is related to B & C is related to D & vice-versa)
(ii) A : B : : C : D
(A is related to C & B is related to D & Vice-versa)
Types of Analogy
- Word Analogy
- Letter Analogy
- Number Analogy
- Mixed Analogy
WORD ANALOGY
In word analogy, candidates have to find the relationship between given words in a pair.
Remember
1. Tool & Object Based Analogy
This establishes a relationship between a tool and the object in which it works.
EXAMPLE Scissors : Cloth
2. Synonym Based Analogy
In such type of analogy two words have similar meaning.
EXAMPLE Huge : Gigantic
3. Worker & Tool Based Analogy
This establishes a relationship between a particular tool and the person of that particular profession who uses that tool.
EXAMPLE Writer : Pen
4. Worker & Product Based Analogy
This type of analogy gives a relationship between a person of particular profession and his/her creations.
EXAMPLE Writer : Book
5. Causes & Effect Based Analogy
In such type of analogy 1st word acts and the 2nd word is the effect of that action.
EXAMPLE Work : Tiredness
6. Opposite Relationship (Antonym) Based Analogy
In such type of analogy the two words of the question pair are opposite in meaning. EXAMPLE Poor : Rich
7. Gender Based Analogy
In such type of analogy, one word is masculine and another word is feminine of it or It is a ‘male and female’ or ‘sex’ relationship.
EXAMPLE Man : Woman
8. Classification Based Analogy
This type of analogy is based on biological, physical, chemical or any other classification. In such problems the 1st word may be classified by the 2nd word and viceversa.
EXAMPLE Oxygen : Gas
9. Function Based Analogy
In such type of analogy, 2nd word describes the function of the 1st word.
EXAMPLE Singer : Sings
10. Quantity and Unit Based Analogy
In such type of analogy 2nd word is the unit of the first word and viceversa.
EXAMPLE Distance : Mile
11. Finished Product Material Based Analogy
In such type of analogy the 1st word is the raw material and 2nd word is the end product of that raw material and vice-versa.
EXAMPLE Yarn : Fabric
12. Utility Based Analogy
In such type of analogy the 2nd word shows the purpose of the 1st word or vice-versa.
EXAMPLE Pen : Writing
13. Symbolic Relationship Based Analogy
In such type of analogy, the 1st word is the symbol of the 2nd word and vice-versa.
EXAMPLE White : Peace
14. Adult & Young One Based Analogy
In such type of analogy, the 1st word is the adult one and 2nd word is the young one of the 1st word or viceversa.
EXAMPLE Cow : Calf
15. Subject & Specialist Based Analogy
In such type of analogy the 2nd word is the specialist of 1st word (subject) or vice-versa. EXAMPLE Heart : Cardiologist
16. Habit Based Analogy
In this type of analogy 2nd word is the habit of 1st and vice-versa.
EXAMPLE Cat : Omnivorous
17. Instrument and Measurement Based Analogy
We see in this type of analogy, the 1st word is the instrument to measure the 2nd word and vice-versa:
EXAMPLE Hygrometer: Humidity
18. Individual & Group Based Analogy Second word is the group of 1st word (or vice-versa) in such type of analogy.
EXAMPLE Cow : Herd
19. State & Capital Based Analogy
1st word is the state and 2nd word is the capital of that state (1st word) (or vice-versa) in the analogy like this.
EXAMPLE Bihar : Patna
20. Analogy Based on Individual & Dwelling Place
In such type of analogy 1st word is the individual & 2nd word is the dwelling place of that individual (1st word) and vice-versa.
EXAMPLE Horse : Stable
21. Analogy Based on profession and Working Place
In this type of analogy the 1st w represents a person of particula profession and 2nd word represents the working place of that person (1st word) and vice-versa.
EXAMPLE Doctor : Hospital
22. Analogy Based on Topic Study
1st word is the study of the 2nd word (or vice-versa) in the analogy like this.
EXAMPLE Birds : Ornithology
LETTER ANALOGY
In this, candidate has to find out the relationship between given letters or group of letters.
Analogy Based on Letters (or Meaningless Words)
Case I : Forward alphabetical sequence EXAMPLE CD : FG : : PQ : UV
Here, CD and FG are in the natural alphabetical sequence. Similarly, PQ & UV are in the natural alphabetical sequence.
Case II: Backward or Opposite alphabetical sequence
EXAMPLE DC : GF : : QP : VU
In fact this case is opposite of case I
Case III: Vowel – Consonant relation
EXAMPLE ATL : EVX : : IPR : ORS
Here, the 1st two words start with the 1st two vowels A & E and the next two words start with the next two vowels I & O. Last two letter of every word are consonants.
Case IV: Skip letter relation
EXAMPLE ABC : FGH : : IJK : NOP
Here, between ABC & FGH two letters skip and they are D & E. Similarly, between IJK & NOP two letter skip and they are L & M.
Case V: Jumbled letters relation
EXAMPLE LAIN : NAIL : : EVOL : LOVE
Here, the 1st term gets reveresed to produce the 2nd term and similar relation is shown in between 3rd and 4th term.
NUMBER ANALOGY
In this, candidate has to find out the relationship the number or group of numbers.
Remember
• Even and Odd numbers
EXAMPLE 84 : 51 : : 72 : 37
(Here, 84 & 72 are even and 51 & 37 are odd numbers respectively)
• Addition and subtraction of numbers. EXAMPLE 234 : 9 : : 136 : 10
(Here, 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 and 1 + 3 + 6 = 10)
• Multiplication and Division of numbers
EXAMPLE 3 : 21 : : 5 : 35
(Here, 3 × 7 = 21 and 5 × 7 = 35)
• Squares & Cubes of numbers
EXAMPLE 4 : 16 : : 8 : 64
(here, 42 = 16 and 82 = 64)
MIXED ANALOGY
In this, candidate has to find out the relationship between the given group of letters and a number on one side.
EXAMPLE AB : 12 : : CD : : 34
(Here, A & B has 1 & 2 positional value, & similarly C & D has positional value 3 & 4.
CLASSIFICATION
In classification we take out an element
out of some given elements and the element to be taken out is different from the rest of the elements in terms of common properties, shapes, sizes, types, nature, colours, traits etc. In this way, the rest of the elements form a group and the element that has been taken out is not the member of that group as this single element does not possesses the common quality to be possessed by rest of the elements.
Types of Classification
(1) Letter/meaningless word based classification
(2) Meaningful classification
word based
(3) Digit based classification
(4) General knowledge based classification
1. Letter/Meaningless Word Based Classification
Such classifications are based on letters of English alphabet. So many groups of letters are given in the question in which one group is different from remaining groups and hence the different group will be our answer.
EXAMPLE
(a) PQT (c) DEH (e) FGJ
(b) UVY (d) IJN
Sol. (a) Here, PQ(RS)T (2 letter gap)
(b) U(VW)X 2 letter gap
(c) D EF GH 2 letter gap
(d) I JK LMN 3 letter gap
(e) FGH IJ 2 letter gap
2. Meaningful Words Based Classification In such type of classification we have to take odd word out of the given group of meaningful words.
EXAMPLE
(a) Slim (b) Flight (c) Greets
(d) Trims (e) Fight (f) Grid
Sol. (a) Here,
Sl i m 1 vowel
Gr ee ts 2 vowels
F i ght 1 vowel
Tr i ms 1 vowel
Gr i d 1 vowel
3. Digit Based Classification
In such type of classifications digits or numbers are given to find out one number that is not a part of the group of remaining numbers.
EXAMPLE
(a) 122 (c) 199 (e) 388
(b) 128 (d) 200
Sol. 199 is an odd number while all the other options are even numbers.
4. General Knowledge Based Classification Such classification is done on the basis of our general knowledge. No doubts that this is a word based classification but without having general knowledge this type of questions can not be solved.
EXAMPLE
(a) Cat
(c) Tiger (e) Lion
(b) Dog (d) Octopus
Sol.
Octopus is the only sea animal given options which is a animal. Rest of the options are animals.
